Friday, December 20, 2019

The Power of Failure Essay - 560 Words

There is a common misconception that failure is a bad thing. Many people who fail at something are often called losers, but if those people learn from their losses, they are actually winners. Failure teaches people that they are just like everybody else, and that success is gained from hard work and determination. When people fail at something important in their lives and decide to try again, they tend to regain their confidence and persist with great resilience. Many of the best lessons people learn in life come from the mistakes they have made and the knowledge they gained from their mistakes. A good example of failure being the best teacher is in business matters. People with excess money often invest in businesses they know†¦show more content†¦Most of them learn from such mistakes and go back into the business market with knowledge of what it takes to succeed. Another good example of learning more from failure than success is found in sports. When people first begin playing a sport, they may not play very well. However, they learn and improve through experience. Very few athletes win all of their competitions, so there are failures in sports. When frequent winners lose, they may act childish and prove that they have learned nothing from their success. triving athletes often realize too late that they could have succeeded had they practiced more and worked together. A final example of failure being a better teacher than success lies within personal relationships. People often go into relationships knowing very little about one another. This sometimes leads to disappointment when their relationship progresses and their true traits surface. One person may make a comment about a subject and unintentionally hurt the others feelings. This situation could have been avoided had they taken more time to get to know each other. Many people spend a lot of time in relationships that do not lead anywhere because they neglect the things that matter in making a relationship significant. When the relationship ends, the people involved are often bitter and feel that they have wasted their time, but they have actually learned one of lifes greatest lessons. Failure hasShow MoreRelatedPower Failure : The Inside Story Of The Collapse Of Enron980 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral: Power Failure: The Inside Story of the Collapse of Enron, Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins, 432 pages, March 25, 2003, Crown Publishing Group, ISBN: 978-0-767-91368-3 Authors: The book is written by two authors: Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins. Mimi Swartz is a journalist who graduated from Hampshire College. She has written for many publications. Her work has been included in Slate, Vanity Fair, National Geographic, The New Yorker, and the New York Times. Currently, she serves asRead MorePower Failure : The Inside Story Of The Collapse Of Enron1837 Words   |  8 PagesGeneral Power Failure: The Inside Story of the Collapse of Enron, Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins, 432 pages, March 25, 2003, Crown Publishing Group, ISBN: 978-0-767-91368-3 Authors The book is written by two authors: Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins. Mimi Swartz is a journalist who graduated from Hampshire College. She has written for many publications. Her work has been included in Slate, Vanity Fair, National Geographic, The New Yorker, and the New York Times. Currently, she serves as an executiveRead MoreChilean and Nicaraguan Revolution: The Failure To Consolidate Power 2122 Words   |  9 Pages with every plan there are obstacles. In spite of the sizeable differences, the revolutions that occurred in Chile and Nicaragua share common traits of failure to consolidate themselves with their power and rebellion. 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Thursday, December 12, 2019

Marketing Elements In International Global â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Marketing Elements In International Global? Answer: Introduction International economy has always been a platform of multinational corporations with integral elements such as globalisation, diversified product planning and arrangement and growth of competition. These all add to the global businesses and strategies which remain key aspects for a company to keep its business wings afloat without being run aground. This current essay is set to be a focal indication as to challenges faced by MNC like Tesco and the strategies perpetuated by theories relating to international business. Recommendation portion as per requirement laid down by the assignment of this essay is also a important feature of this write up. Profile of the company as an MNC In the effort of retail formatting, foreign direct investment is a strategy-stayed mechanism, led by several aspects considerable, from the view of tactical arrangements by TESCO. The company is a super power conglomerate in retail industry with its dominance in UK and other countries. The company is wide-ranging products retailer with business inception in the year of 1919. The company meets the qualifying pointers to be undoubtedly called as an MNC. If profitability is a key index of firms standing as an MNC then TESCO is in third position in revenue (Chandra, Styles and Wilkinson, 2009). The business operation of the company is carried out in fourteen countries including Asian countries, countries in UK and North America. Nearly 5,30,000 employees work in the different parts of the company across the world. The company has achieved a market share of approx thirty percent in Europe and this has helped the company to achieve market dominance. Tescos decision to invest in china to ex pand retail business came as no wonder due to instability in the industry in the recession-scarred European markets. Several subsectors, the company does operate in, are books, petrol, furniture, garments, electronics, and software with further services offered by the company in field of telecommunication and internet along with financial services (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2013). Tesco has secured its place on Forbes global 2000 list. The profitability of the firm also shows potential with 1.28 billion annual profit and first full year of growth since the year 2010. Theory related to globalisation of business Globalisation has pack of theories which differ with each other relatively. Among these, world culture theory is also underpinned by the concept of globalisation. This theory has a belief that in the global arena, world is viewed as a society with composite group of relations within numerous units (Dow and Larimo, 2009). In this theory, people gather knowledge of this global reality and if the issue detected is staying together in the real entity, the very essence is supported by world culture theory for bringing units close to each other with similar stress on thoughts of people in the global reality. If this theory to be considered then globalisation brings the entire world in a single entity with importance on cultural compression cooperating a system which believes that all cultures are parts of a culture of large global entity (Fletcher and Crawford, 2013). This undoubtedly restricts the local business in local area concept. This gives birth to an entity which is full of diversi ty which helps glocalisation to flourish. The aforesaid theory has its semblance with the cultural belief of Tesco and the cultural diversion and thought for world as a society and social entity. Concept of globalisation got its elevation. This theory always embraces socio cultural aspects and places importance on the social cultural factors which promote social and corporate growth in a world as a society (Joshi, 2009). The company has reached beyond its home boundary and almost inherits its world-wide reputation depending on the thrust like globalisation which is the company-induced approach to start international business operation. World culture theory is somewhat fit into the strategic thinking pattern of the company which never restricts capital investment in promising countries for business expansion. This has required the company to think world as local platform with equal importance on cultural relationship, human resources and business performance with social consideration to leverage world culture theory to its utmost advantage for the entity-world relationship (Leonidou et al, 2010). No matter the initial troubles the company had, the effort of the company marks the growth in worldwide business in countries in Europe, Asia and North America. World culture theory is supportive of Tesco in establishing a synergy of cultures thereby triggering cultural diversity to achieve coordinated and balanced work performance (Murphy, 2010). This is the key performance generator in the corporate arena across the word and the success and dominance of the company is quite explicit asserting that the world culture theory as a globalisation concept is helpful for the company as a development path. Key country/regional factors affecting Tescos choice of country Retail market in China is ever growing and offers range of opportunities for organisation like Tesco to expand its retail market operation. Even after financial crisis that has huge effect across the world, retail sales of the nation achieved $1.8 trillion in the year 2009. The growth in retail sales of the country is supported by the increase in house hold income. The people of the country have better living standards and this drives them to look beyond their basic needs to ensure better quality lives, which directly and passively promotes retail sales and Tesco being aware of this tried to seize this as retail expansion opportunities (Nijssen and Herk, 2009). Household spending in china has increased in availing services like merchandise, telecom, healthcare and transportation. This indicates that the country has many people who can afford to pay for high priced products by discretionary spending which became much higher than the previous decades. This is always being seen as an opportunity of retail business expansion and Tesco finds the country as an attractive foreign country in Asia to start retail business (Papadopoulos and Heslop, 2014). China offers most lucrative investment options for foreign organisations particularly retailers due to growing incomes and growing market size. Investment opportunities are plenty in China due to some reasons like support from government level, grants and funding facility ensured by Government, preferential policies from government. Growing formatting of business, investment opportunities in e-commerce, online retailing, multi channel retailing, third party e-commerce platforms which offers services like business to business and business to consumer, consumer to consumer services (Papadopoulos and Martn Martn, 2011). Application of theory Porters diamond theory is a framework that helps to understand the competitive advantage a nation does possess for having some factors within it. This framework also speaks of how government of a particular country can play vital role to make a nations position better in the economic environment. This theory is framed by Michael porter. This is a proactive economic premise which not only put a figure on comparative advantages but also helps in understanding more power, while some scholars suggest that natural resources are best formative determinant for deciding competitive advantages, porter argued that countries may find themselves in better positions if focus on development of some factors like skilled manpower, improved technology, availability of government assistance is continued (Powers and Loyka, 2010). The four points of this framework are represented as determinants of comparative national economic advantage. These factors are strategy of firm, structure and rivalry, suppor ting sectors, demand conditions and factor conditions. The first three conditions focuses on preliminary fact that business is led by competition while demand conditions like nature of customers and their preferences influencing the demands of products in a particular sector (Tan and Sousa, 2013). The last one is factor conditions which is more vital as porter always has emphasised upholding that conditions like technological innovation, skilled manpower and development in infrastructure can be created by a nation for itself. Factor conditions can be developed by governments cooperation by encouraging business and also challenging the businesses so that business can develop more technologies, skilled and talented workers and infrastructural development. This theoretical diagram presents knowledge which realistically matches up to the nation China with its plenty natural resources. Government of china is cooperative and policies like offer of grants, funding, preferential facilities are pro business moves that widen business opportunities (Griffin and Pustay, 2012). More over organisation such as Tesco with its capacity to promote technology, developing talented workforce find the nation more encouraging to continue business with great level of expertise. Therefore representation of factors through four determinants in the framework developed by Porter denotes a similarity with China. The country is a preferred business destination due to attractive foreign direct investment opportunity and this is facilitated by government policies also and retail business environment of the country (Ball et al, 2012). These factors have been inspiring factors for Tesco to make entry in the retail sector of China. Entry strategies With the possibility of long term growth numerous organisations are eagerly increasing their business operation in China. In the year 2004, Tesco adopted joint venture acquisitions as a market entry strategy into china. The international strategy of the company is influenced by achieving insight regarding the cultural elements of the country (Killing,2012). Tescos clear international strategy lays importance on building confidence on joint ventures. Joint venture agreement with Ting Hsin that had inception of its business as an instant noodle producer, was included in the strategy of Tesco to face competition with wal-mart. Tesco had a joint venture strategy anticipating that partnership with another company in the Chinese market could give it access to seventy six million Chinese customers. The retail business expansion of Tesco in china could be better regarded effective expansion with help of effective alliance and joint ventures while obtaining a late mover advantage to competito rs like Wal-mart and Carrefour. Joint ventures as an entry mode demanded adequate resource commitment by the local company, higher degree of control and substantial investment. Tescos higher control from the joint venture acquisition was backed by fewer risks in comparison with other capital pushing options (Birkinshaw, Brannen, and Tung, 2011). Tesco had an better internationalization planning with successful record of acquiring supermarkets in Hungary, Poland, Ireland and this drove this company look for expansion in the emerging markets of Asia to reach middle income families. With the strength of agreement with partner Ting Hsin, Tesco acquired its wholly owned subsidiary named Ting Cao that subsequently owned the Hymall chain which is Chinas biggest food supplier. Ever since 2006 Tesco started opening stores across China and total store counts became 125. Tesco relocated its international sourcing head office in Hongkong with a hub in Shanghai. For building strategic internatio nalisation, Tesco had built up its Strategic internationalization by taking geo centric approach (Cantwell, Dunning and Lundan, 2010). This affirms that the company has global strategy whilst adapting operations to the local markets through global synergies and strategic partnership. Shanghai became a home from home for Tesco and became first commercial platform in China. This has helped the Tesco to know local customers better and eventually many new stores were opened by Tesco along with hypermarkets. Two key international business challenges In April, 2011, in its total year results, it was stated that the companys localized operations was successful to break even in the latter half of the year. Tescos then CEO confirmed that the company would decrease the store opening aim in the country. It was great trouble for the company to have prime location and also to achieve permissions from government for opening its life space malls (Cavusgil et al, 2014). In the year 2012, the pressure was from continuous high level of inflation and pressure on wage costs. This has forced the company to take more careful steps. Tesco was also forced to delay the development of hypermarkets in China for the particular period in the year. Recommendation on the basis of UN Global Compact Principles and/or Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable development goals lay guidelines that can help Tesco develop some core areas which can further their business while adopting more responsible approach towards world and society. Tescos retail grocery and supermarket business find a boost operating within the scope of sustainable development goals. In each realm of business some recommended course of functions may translate the companys position into grater shape for marking more strength (Kolk and Van Tulder, 2010). Tesco can promote actively, perception of joint action as well as accountability platforms like an innovative nature of collaboration. This is helpful for the company to particular human rights challenges. It may position social interaction at the frontal space when human rights are largely concerned. The organisation with other company can work in value chains for meeting systematic difficulties by adopting holistic approach. A better approach like shared value can initiate better contemplation followed by im plementation (Cavusgil et al, 2014). Past focus on philanthropy as well as social investment can be merged with shared value model by the company. Engagement with innovation in business to ensure better technological advancement for meeting better opportunities for the company and society can be considered if society could be benefitted. But the concern must not be neglected regarding limitation of these to certain policy environments and some opportunities in market. These must not be constrained. Sustainable development goals create chances for not only updating vision of business towards sustainable development but at the same time vision requires a change at the very basic level (Cavusgil et al, 2014). This requirement is within the consideration and needs to be better assessed depending upon necessity. Social upliftment is huge task by almost every company and this for the company Tesco remains a must do for eliciting respects from all levels of stakeholders in the business acr oss the globe. The realization of the company is, that there is barely any powerful means for the trading to speed up social development rather than directing human rights all through the value chains. Business and human rights are the two arterial sides which require each other for establishing better governance in societal format and corporate harmony (Cavusgil et al, 2014). An important proposition stresses on that each company not just can offer support at scale of development via the networks of business collaborations. At the same time the important accountability for them is to confirm so. This positions itself as a vital element between business and human rights. Tesco as a responsible conglomerate with huge success in corporate world can think the same and must look for embedding the said vision in this discussion at the core of its business central regarding the continuation of business with most effective and sustainable development in current and long run (Kolk and Van T ulder, 2010). Conclusion Business never remains constrained and the globalised economy keeps organisations moving across international countries. Strategies are vital for business expansion while for Tesco, strategic internationalisation is always matter of consideration while taking a business leap in foreign countries including china. The company found investment options in China lucrative and looked for business expansion in the country due to several factors like cooperation of Chinese government and consumers propensity to avail products to live better and quality lives. Apart from the natural resources, the country can develop its other resources like skilled manpower, technological development and infrastructural improvement. There are many aspects that can be embedded into the business vision of the company for making more development. References Ball, D., Geringer, M., Minor, M. and McNett, J., 2012. International business. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Birkinshaw, J., Brannen, M.Y. and Tung, R.L., 2011. From a distance and generalizable to up close and grounded: Reclaiming a place for qualitative methods in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5), pp.573-581. Cantwell, J., Dunning, J.H. and Lundan, S.M., 2010. An evolutionary approach to understanding international business activity: The co-evolution of MNEs and the institutional environment. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(4), pp.567-586. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014. International business. Pearson Australia. Chandra, Y., Styles, C. and Wilkinson, I., 2009. The recognition of first time international entrepreneurial opportunities: Evidence from firms in knowledge-based industries. International Marketing Review, 26(1), pp.30-61. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013. International marketing. Cengage Learning. Dow, D. and Larimo, J., 2009. Challenging the conceptualization and measurement of distance and international experience in entry mode choice research. Journal of International Marketing, 17(2), pp.74-98. Dunning, J.H., 2013. Multinationals, Technology Competitiveness (RLE International Business) (Vol. 13). Routledge. Fletcher, R. and Crawford, H., 2013. International marketing: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. Griffin, R.W. and Pustay, M.W., 2012. International business. Pearson Higher Ed. Joshi, R.M., 2009. International business. OUP Catalogue. Kilng, P., 2012. Strategies for joint venture success (RLE international business) (Vol. 22). Routledge. Kolk, A. and Van Tulder, R., 2010. International business, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. International business review, 19(2), pp.119-125. Leonidou, L.C., Barnes, B.R., Spyropoulou, S. and Katsikeas, C.S., 2010. Assessing the contribution of leading mainstream marketing journals to the international marketing discipline. International Marketing Review, 27(5), pp.491-518. Murphy, P.E., 2010. Marketing, Ethics of. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Nijssen, E.J. and Herk, H.V., 2009. Conjoining international marketing and relationship marketing: exploring consumers' cross-border service relationships. Journal of International Marketing, 17(1), pp.91-115. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014. Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Papadopoulos, N. and Martn Martn, O., 2011. International market selection and segmentation: perspectives and challenges. International Marketing Review, 28(2), pp.132-149. Powes, T.L. and Loyka, J.J., 2010. Adaptation of marketing mix elements in international markets. Journal of global marketing, 23(1), pp.65-79. Tan, Q. and Sousa, C.M., 2013. International marketing standardization. Management international review, 53(5), pp.711-739.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Accounting Management Qualitative Research -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Accounting Management Qualitative Research? Answer: Introduction AMP Insurance is among the top 5 Companies which the ASX stock exchange listed. AMP Insurance was established by David Jones. The institution was established in 1849 with an intention of being non-profit life insurance institution, far along in the year of 1998, New Zealand and Australia stock exchange listed the organization after it demutualized. AMP Company is composed of: AMP bank, AMP capital, AMP insurance; self SMSF. The company has extent its connection in Malaysia, and China, Africa, Canada and to many different countries. The key products are insurance, customer solution etc. in the year 2010, AMP decided to combine its business operations with AXA Pacific holding to increase the market for insurance of Asian nations as well. Based on the company annual report, twenty fifteen, the organization is one of the best insurance providers in New Zealand and Australian. The organization provides life insurance, disability, and income protection. Presently, the company is on number two in New Zealand market and number one in Australian. This report provides a complete analysis of the organizations accounting treatments. Accounting framework used in Australia AASB board is accountable for evaluating and creating the conventions and accounting standards. The conventions created are commonly made to give a universal policy for accounting to all organization found in Australia. These conventions assist in the Organizations comparative analysis. AASB combines the 2 tiers for making the overall purpose financial statement as shown below-IE Tier number one: This uses the accounting standards as per the IFRS and it also include the Australian environment. These are the core accounting standards that the organizations must follow while making the organizations accounting statements. Tier number two: it mostly comprise of the measurement, recognition, presentation needed in financial statement and the organizations disclosure requirement. Examples of the Accounting standard used in Australia- International Financial Reporting Standard These describe the overall accounting standard established by the board of IASB (Loureno et. al., 2015),). All the institution has to abide by the accounting standards created by the organizations board. IFRS are established with the aim of providing a joint platform for creating comparisons among different organizations financial statements. Almost, IFRS accounting standards are being followed by all organizations in the world, for working worldwide. Common standards include the following- These are rules that are executed by the institution to help in the preparation of the financial statements. Therefore, it refers to a specific policies, rules and procedure which are executed by the organizations management for bringing equality in the companys accounting policies. The organizations accounting policies stand for techniques that assist in disclosure of material evidences that are connected to the company and the systems that it followed. Accounting principles and policies are dissimilar terms as accounting policies are the company personal policies implemented with an intention of following accounting principles while accounting principles represents the rules of accounting (Rossouw, 2010) Accounting Conceptions and framework implemented by AMP Company AMP Limited exists as a listed Australian organization. The company uses AASB9 (the Australian accounting standard board) and Australian conventions and principles. The main guidelines used by the organization are: The Companys financial reporting is prepared according to Australian standards and rules and regulations of organization act, two thousand. The organization used AASB- format of financial statements, abiding by the IFRS. The AASB 119 standard state that employee benefits is monitored by the company. This standard states that all the agreement or plans between employee and employer, under any of the informal practices and legislative requirements are followed. The recent accounting standards for example AASB 2014-9 which is the amendment of the Australians accounting standard- Equity method in different financial statement and AASB 2015-5 amendment to accounting standard of Australian. AASB 133: This state that organization followed its earnings per share. Based on this standard, the unissued shares are grouped as ordinary shares. This has been used in determining the diluted earnings per share ( Zeff et. Al., 2010). AASB 124 correlated to party disclosure. Based on this standard, Key Managerial personal of the company needs to reveal everything concerning material transactions with that of the organization. For the CEO, the AMP group, the non-executive directors of the board, and the actual persons who straightly reports to Chief Executive Officer Forms represents the KMP. AASB 9: this deals with financial instruments. Based on this standard, it have combined different changes in financial presentation of the financial instruments, new expected loss approach is incorporated to evade disclosure and the accounting requirement. The company will start implementing the standard from 31/12/2018(AASB Standard, 2010). AASB 2: It deals with share based payment. The standard is used when the organization undertake payment for financial transaction as per share based. The company has used the similar standard in implementing its transaction. Observations: Based on the annual report of the year 2015, the company has been using mostly all the Australian policies and accounting standards. Accounting standard used include: AASB 119, AASB 133, AASB 124, AASB 101, AASB2, AASB 9, AASB 2 etc. financial presentation of the company has been presented in a clear manner. Various accounting standards have been presented by the Annual reports to be followed in future. Concentrating on the earlier scandals of the companies, it was clear that the organization was un able to give the financial advice to those who buy its products in accordance with the company guidelines. The company was extremely for not giving right advice and guidance, to those who buys its product despites putting a higher amount of fees. Additional, the company was made to deliver the payout to its customers. The remaining four banking and AMP has been included in the stealing of the interest rates and therefore, over pricing the customers. This has led to an upsurge to those who buy their products and affected the performance of the Australian insurance and banking sector. However, the banking institutions have been indulge in protecting the high interest rate meant for credit cards and home loans. Nevertheless, the authorities demanded for providing to their customers. Though, the overall opinion concerning the accounting policies and conventions of the company, suggest that the organization apply the accounting standards and conventions and the remaining available rules and regulations. This explains the core point behind the rise in profit and revenue of the company. Accounting scandal of the company Based on the Australian commission, the financial advice provided by the consultants does not adhere to the Australian law and regulations. The commission even requested the company to pay back to payback the amount to those who buy products but does not obtain proper fees. The company has majorly charged higher amount of fees from customers but it has not provided them with suitable financial advice. This has formed adverse effect on the company over their customers. The organization has not been paying back the legitimate claims of the customers. Based on the ASICs report, financial assistance: fees for unavailable service. The customer payments of around 178 were squandered by the four organizations and there were no proper services payment for the amount charged. Because of the wrong choice of publicity, the organization was unable to raise its revenue and this led to its down fall. Inadequate accountability in the company is the largest default. The company was unable to come up clean for the wrong financial planning in the company. Another scandal of the company relates to the unfair charging of interest. The core four insurance and banking organizations were found to be wrong due to charging excessively by the entire customers. It was one of the major scandals in Australia. There consequences were high and this lead to bad publicity of the available banks that are involved. This has led to customers dissatisfaction and incorrect impact over the prospective and current of the company. And, reliability and trust factor of the entire customers has fully vanished because of this. Recommendations Disclosures for appropriate facts and figures- the company must disclose the appropriate figures alongside facts linked to financial data. Such data are helpful for each stakeholders including suppliers, distributors, shareholders, customers, among others. With financial reporting aid, stakeholders scheme respective financial decisions linked to the company. Thus, any unanticipated data is able to mislead stakeholders and lead irrelevant financial decisions (Tucker et. al., 2016). Effective accounts maintenance of for finance receipts recording based on services offered must be performed. The accounting alongside financial recording have to be upheld for at least five years to allow comprehensive analysis. Further, a probe is able to be performed smoothly. Efficient customers profile maintenance of has to be kept to allow proper marketing and sales tasks to occur. This shall additionally boot the companys revenues and sales. Such a profiling is the key agenda for an insurance company since it helps in improving the revenues of the company. The company must abide by all the regulations and laws formed for the regulation of the insurance sector in the country like Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). The company has to remain accountable for the actions it undertakes. Clients typically preferred those companies that the accountability of their respective actions. The financial advise offered by the company, must be according to rules alongside regulations. The company has to comply with accounting standard including AASB 4 of Insurance contracts because this remains a highly requirement for the company. Such a standard exactly tells the company to expose about uncertainty alongside cash flows of the volume it has invented. The financial statements must show info relating to the risk alongside additional associated factors. The company must tighten the training, compliances, disclosure, practices, product advice, alongside document handling among other to in bar the future scandals of offering wrong financial and insurance advice. The company must offer greater openness in the accountancy alongside financial reports of the company. This will ensure that financial interpretation doesnt mislead the clients in making wrong choices about the financial decisions. Openness is highly required in the accountancy, thus, it must never be compromised at all cost (Elliott et. al., 2010). The company has to utilize efficient accounting treatment in preparing financial statements alongside financial reporting. Efficient accounting treatment culminates in effective accounting data alongside correct financial interpretations (Biondi Lapsley, 2014). The company has to create enhanced multi-channel for distributing insurance policies alongside strategic management policies preparation for enhancing the insurance sales. The company must use proper training for novel workers. Both insurance and finance specialist must offer several training session workers to evade the wrong advice proviso to the clients. Timely claims payment to company customer alongside effective and correct accounting records. For insurance company to survive, it is essentially imperative to offer the claims to its clients as they emerge. Such a move will culminate in increased reliability and trustability of clients towards the company. Money wastage in laws and litigations- Insurance remains a single most sensitive companies. Incorrect info and manipulation in regulations and rules can culminate in litigations alongside disputes amongst the clients. Thus, litigations, as far as possible, must be avoided. Such a move shall save much time and money. Risks associated with the organization Competition in insurance industry is increasing daily. The organizations, main threat is new entrants. Albeit the company capturing a large market share in the industry, the increased stiff competition is improving the risk for the leaving organization. Thus, there is a large need for right planning, organizing, as well as controlling for this industrys products. This will help in sustaining Australias competition level. Customers Empowering- Clients remaining increased empowered the establishing further regulations and laws have ensured they are increasingly powerful. Hence, a proper solution alongside advice has to be availed to the clients (Gatzert et. al., 2014). Raising awareness amongst the clients- with an increasing media alongside internet sources, the clients remain increasingly knowledgeable regarding the products of products. Clients alter their attitude with the conforming gains offered the insurance companies. Thus, effective planning and advertisements has to be made to appeal as well as retain organizational customers. Increasing regulations and laws- As opposed to the past era, numerous laws alongside regulations besides authorities for the regulation of insurance industry in Australia. Organization must comply with each rule and regulation to safeguard the organization from making any faults or inconsistencies. The company has already been facing large decline in product segment growth in the insurance A huge plunged in products of insurance has been observed. Because of the situation, the official suggested that the total amount to be taken back to customers plus the interest. This has led to some kind of relief to the organizations customers and saved the trust alive. Conclusion Based on the analysis of the various policies used in accounting of APM group, it is true that accounting policies and standards perform a major function in the financial interpretation. APM act as the major insurance and banking organization of Australia. The departments of the company have been distributed in several parts of the world. And the company is placing its effort in becoming one of the best in both Australia and New Zealand. References- Rossouw, J., 2010. Empirical results of the accounting policies chosen by South African listed companies. Meditari Accountancy Research, 18(2), pp.38-56. Loureno, I.M.E.C., Branco, M.E.M.D.A. and Castelo, D., 2015. Main consequences of IFRS adoption: analysis of existing literature and suggestions for further research. Revista Contabilidade Finanas, 26(68), pp.126-139. Elliott, W.B., Krische, S.D. and Peecher, M.E., 2010. Expected mispricing: The joint influence of accounting transparency and investor base. Journal of Accounting Research, 48(2), pp.343-381. Gatzert, N. Kolb, A. 2014, "Risk Measurement and Management of Operational Risk in Insurance Companies from an Enterprise Perspective: Risk Measurement and Management of Operational Risk in Insurance Companies", Journal of Risk and Insurance, 81, no. 3, pp. 683-708. AMP, 2015, Annual Report, AMP Limited. Tucker, B.P. Schaltegger, S. 2016, "Comparing the research-practice gap in management accounting: A view from professional accounting bodies in Australia and Germany", Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 362. Biondi, L. Lapsley, I. 2014, "Accounting, transparency and governance: the heritage assets problem", Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, 11, no. 2, pp. 146-164. Kober, R., Lee, J. Ng, J. 2013, "GAAP, GFS and AASB 1049: perceptions of public sector stakeholders", Accounting Finance, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 471-496. Zeff, S.A. Nobes, C.W. 2010, "Commentary: Has Australia (or Any Other Jurisdiction) Adopted IFRS", Australian Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 178-184. AASB Standard (2010), Financial Instrument. Australian Accounting standard board.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Transportation In The 19th Century During The First Half Of The 19th C Essay Example For Students

Transportation In The 19th Century During The First Half Of The 19th C Essay Transportation in the 19th CenturyDuring the first half of the 19th century, improvements in transportation developed rather quickly. Roads, steamboats, canals, and railroads all had a positive effect on the American economy. They also provided for a more diverse United States by allowing more products to be sold in new areas of the country and by opening new markets. Copied from ideas begun in England and France, American roads were being built everywhere. In an attempt to make money, private investors financed many turnpikes, expecting to profit from the tolls collected. Although they did not make as much money as expected, these roads made it possible for cheaper (not cheap) domestic transportation of goods. It still cost more to transport a ton of freight a few miles over land than it did to send it across the Atlantic Ocean. We will write a custom essay on Transportation In The 19th Century During The First Half Of The 19th C specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But because of turnpikes, for the first time, goods were able to make it over the formidable Appalachian mountains.The steamboat was the first economical means of inland transport. It was faster and cheaper then the rafts used before them. Additionally, the steamboats made it possible to travel back up the Mississippi, allowing farmers and lumbermen to come down by raft, and travel home in the luxurious comfort of a steamboat after selling their goods. This also made the northwest less self-dependent because it was now able to purchase southern goods.While steamboats sparked the economy on the western frontier, canals became increasingly popular on the east coast. Although expensive ($25,000 per mile), and difficult to build, canals were an important source for those farmers and merchants who needed a cheap method of inland transportation. The water allowed horses, once only able to pull a ton of materials, to now pull over a hundred tons with the same amount of work. These canals were not only economical for exporters, but also for the state. Tolls alone collected from the Erie Canal had, by 1825, already paid for the entire project ($7,000,000), and now was making a substantial amount of profit.Even though it had not totally expanded yet, the cheapest, most economical method of transportation was the railroad. Speed, durability, and safety all contributed to the success of it. State legislatures and the national government all provided aid to the railroad companies by decreased the tax on rail iron.During this time period, manufacturing also boomed. New ideas and inventions made it faster to produce products. However, it is because of these new modes of transportation that this was ever able to occur. The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney, would never have been able to develop fully if the transportation system did not make it easy to obtain cotton from the south.With these new technological breakthroughs, American economic growth was significantly increased. By allowing cheaper importation and exportation of goods, manufacturers were able to produce more of these products. Also, it opened new markets to different places. In the northwest, where coffee was an expensive luxury (costing almost seventeen cents per pound), it was now a common item. The steamboat reduced the price by over thirteen cents. Also, our new transportation system helped other regions work together. And aside from material items, our country benefited economically from tourism. Any tourist to the New York area would not miss The Great Western Canal.So although manufacturing did have a significant role in developing the American economy, it is because of transportation that manufacturing could have ever improved.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Peter The Czar essays

Peter The Czar essays Peter was only ten years old when he ascended to the throne. He played only a ceremonial role along with Ivan. The real regent to take the throne was Ivan's sister, Sophia . Sophia was a very intelligent woman. She did not spend her days sewing gold thread around crosses the way her mother had, but dabbled in politics during her uncle's short reign . She began very slowly at first but then became an aggressive politician. She liked to test just how far she could press the limits set by society. She new that her brother Ivan would not be capable of ruling and she feared the very thought of Peter taking control. Being an ambitious woman, Sophia decided to use her brother as an instrument to gain all the power for herself. She knew that whoever controlled the Czar's bodyguard's had the power. She very cleverly spread false rumors about Peter's family, including one stating that the Naryshkin's had strangled Ivan. This of course was not even remotely true, but the Czars' guards did not know the real condition of Ivan. Thay grabbed their pikes and muskets and marched to the Kremlin to avenge Ivan's death. Natalia met the soldiers holding onto each of the young Czars' hands. The guards looked upon both boys in bewilderment and slowly retreated. This escapade frightened Natalia a great deal. She moved Peter to the village of Preobrazhenskoe where she thought he would be safe. This left Sophia as regent in Moscow while Natalia ruled from outside the city. While living at Preobrazhenskoe, Peter developed an intense interest in the military. He organized his own military units, the Preobrazhensky and the Semenovsky regiments. These groups were later transformed into the first imperial guards. Peter not only organized the regiments, but he also participated in them. He finally began to show signs that he was going to be a different kind of Czar. He did not place himself at the top as most Czar's did, instead he enlisted as the drummer boy a...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Visual Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visual Literacy - Essay Example Despite the high level of novelty of newly emerging media like Youtube, which first appeared in 2005, it cannot be denied that its characteristics still follow the pattern of older forms of motion picture technology. Media, indeed was to some extent, merely renewed or reintroduced in familiar forms (Peters as cited in Snelson & Ross, 2009, p. 2). Thus, as the authors assert, online videos found on the Web like those from Youtube, are undeniably part of the ever-changing educational motion picture technologies or in simple terms, Virtual Learning. Virtual learning particularly permeated the education sector mainly through sites and channels such as Youtube â„ ¢ EDU, a central hub for videos featuring the collaboration of leading colleges and universities. Moreover, other sites like SciVee--site containing video and audio for a community of scientists--and Teachertube--designed for K12 students--exist to specially cater academic institutions. In the midst of these arising motion picture technologies in the academe, the authors found it useful to demonstrate how such technologies aid in the learning process of users. Firstly, motion picture technologies provided teachers a ‘dynamic representational format’ that enabled them to bring the world closer to their students. As Thomas Edison (as cited in Snelson & Ross, 2009, p. 4) puts it, it is similar to taking the object before the student or taking the student to the object. Second, it sparks excitement among students in the classroom setting, bridging the gap of abstract ideas to reality (Amsden as cited in Snelson & Ross, 2009, p. 5). Thirdly, since videos have the ability to capture and preserve the past, they become the key archives of significant historical events. Next, as the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (as cited in Snelson & Ross, 2009, p. 6) puts it, film captures what are considered to be too slow or too fast to be caught by the human eye. Fifth, with the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

If you could make one scientific discovery in your lifetime, what Essay

If you could make one scientific discovery in your lifetime, what would it be and why - Essay Example Let me explain why: I might offer a rather unsupported claim stating that many individuals devote a significant portion of their early adult life to medicine and health care for the monetary benefits that this industry can potentially provide. This assertion might sound a tad bit presumptuous, however it does not diminish the capabilities and ultimate competencies of these ambitious individuals. However, there are those people, such as myself, who view the efforts of contemporary medical communities to be an attempt at sustaining the health and well-being of generations to come. I think this might be an argument which can be supported by the successes of other pioneering professionals in the medical field, such as the reduction of various, ancient plagues and diseases which once wreaked havoc on society, but are no longer threatening to contemporary communities. Though these researchers primarily contributed to disease warfare appropriate for their individual time in history, their long-term legacies t o social and physical health improvement are most notable and remarkably sustainable. Having offered this, the elimination of the genetic factors controlling the aging process would become a significant project with everlasting, positive consequences for the way that we, as humans, would live our lives. I believe that with this discovery, the future global community would no longer experience diminished human morale and would virtually eliminate problems with suicide. Why, you ask? With the prospect of eternal life would come greater opportunities for cognitive growth and emotional maturity, helping individuals to mold their ambitions toward self-discovery and methods by which to make contributions to society. Where todays society is plagued by the realization that the accomplishment of lifelong goals is limited by progressive aging, tomorrows culture would likely learn crucial elements such

Monday, November 18, 2019

Gamestop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gamestop - Essay Example (Gamestop) The updated information lists its store network at 6,683 stores, all owned by the company, located in four key regions, namely Canada, Australia, Europe and the US. Its range of products extend to software, hardware, personal computer software, accessories, and related merchandise. It has a market capitalization of 2.85 billion dollars, a third of its peak market capitalization achieved in 2007. Share prices at present are comparable to levels in 2006 and have been at those levels since 2009, suggesting that prices are stable and that market prospects are stable as well (Google). It is clear from the business overview that its business strategy centers on excellence in distribution, and diversification to include all key segments of the gaming industry,, across different hardware and software platforms, and including online. It is a business strategy centered partly on achieving scale economies, and akin to the business model for Amazon and Walmart, catering to the targeted market of gaming (Google; Gamestop). A PEST analysis reveals that out of these four external environment factors, the stable political environment in the markets where the company operates means that political factors are not as important as technological factors, owing to the rapid changes in the gaming industry, and in the technology and information technologies industries in general (Google; Gamestop) Gamestops competitive position is ok, given its stable prospects as reflected in its share price, but not particularly invulnerable, given large shifts in the gaming industry from new developments in technologies, so that share prices are stagnant even as the company tries to expand its footprint as well as its sales (Google; Gamestop) Its key strengths include its large store network and online network, its significant gaming properties and its continued drive to expand, which all translate to significant scale economies and

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Phonological Similarity Effect In Working Memory Psychology Essay

The Phonological Similarity Effect In Working Memory Psychology Essay A considerable amount of cognitive, behavioural research has been conducted on the working memory model and the role of the phonological loop and similarity effects on the serial recall paradigm. The purpose of this study was to extend the existing research available in support of the evidence for Baddeley and Hitch (1974) working memory model and the role of the phonological loop. A group of 18 undergraduate university psychology students were each subjected to two individual visual phonological tests to provide data on recall scores for a set of six similar and dissimilar letters. The data obtained was analysed separately before performing a using a two tailed paired related sample t-test. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in scores obtained on recall of dissimilar and similar letters with higher scores being recorded on recall of dissimilar letters. Introduction The concept of a well-defined form of memory that is able to store information on a temporary basis whilst being utilised in the service of cognitive process is not new idea, but theories regarding the components that make up the short-term storage memory have evolved considerably during the last century (Gross, 2010; Myers, 2005). The proposal of the multi-store model (MSM) by Atkinsons and Shiffrin (1968) introduced the concept that short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) had differing and distinct modes of storing information. This led to a considerable amount of research being conducted on how STM operated (Baddeley Hitch, 1974). Particular attention has been given to auditory and visuospatial input along with acoustically similar or dissimilar associations in the information being stored and the affect this may have on information recalled (Conrad, 1964; Wickelgren, 1965; Schulman, 1971; Atkinson Shiffrin, 1968). In Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) model, the function of STM is said to provide a means of controlling and enhancing information before it makes it into long-term memory. This is done through rehearsal and coding strategies (Atkinson Shiffrin, 1968). In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch introduced their Working Memory (WM) model, a more dynamic system, as opposed to the more passive Atkinson and Shiffrin MSM (Baddeley Hitch, 1974). A definition of working memory can be stated as the collection of cognitive processes that allows information to be held temporarily in an accessible state, whilst in the service of some cognitive task (Baddeley, 2001). One of the important characteristics that differentiate the WM model from the Atkinson-Shiffrin (1968) MS model is the use of two distinct short-term memory buffers, the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad and the argument that the independence of these buffers allow for a greater flexibility in memory storage (Baddeley Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986) These short term memory buffers are two of the four components that make up the WM model (Baddeley, 1986). At the core is the central executive hub, which processes data and cognitive tasks, followed by the two memory subsystems; the visuospatial sketch pad, which processes information received in either visual or spatial form and the  phonological loop  the area within the WM that deals with language information in auditory or visual form. The final component is the episodic buffer, which was introduced 20 years after the model was first proposed, which links all the components of WM with long-term memory to enhance function (Baddeley Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley, 2000) According Baddeley (1986) the phonological loop is comprised of two individual subcomponents; the phonological store, sometimes called the inner ear which holds auditorily presented verbal information and the articulatory control process (ACP), sometimes called the inner voice. Although limits to working memory are easily observed, ever since George Miller (1956) suggested people can recall approximately seven independent, items or chunks of information at a time, it has been more difficult to determine what specific cognitive faculties underlie these observed limits. It has been proposed in several studies (Conrad, 1964; Wickelgren, 1965) that observed limit recall depends upon details of the stimuli. For example, immediate memory retrieval for lists of serial presented verbal information is better when the lists that contain letters or words that are dissimilar as indicated in the experiments performed by Conrad (1959) and Wickelgren (1965). Consequently it is claimed there is a correlation between phonologically similar and dissimilar information input and memory span, specifically that the recall for dissimilar words or letters would be greater than that for the similar ones presented either auiditorable or viusally (Conrad, 1964; Wickelgren, 1965; Muller, Seymour, Kieras, Meyer, 2003; Eysneck Keane, 2010). The aim of this study was to examine the evidence for Baddel and Shiffrins (1974) WM model with the hypothises that there is a greater ability to recall letters that are dissimilar in nature to those that share common phonological similarities. Method Participants A total of 18 participants were recruited from within a group of undergraduate students, enrolled on the Swansea Metropolitan Universitys Psychology Joint Hons degree course. The participants ages ranged between 18 and 51 years, (M =26.89, R=33, SD=10.26). The participant group was comprised of six males whos ages ranged between 24 and 51 years, (M=35.5, R=27, SD=11.47) and 12 females whos ages ranged between 18 and 38 years, (M=22.58, R=20, SD=6.5). Materials The study materials consisted of two sets of six sequence cards one set for the similar letters and one for the dissimilar letters. The similar letter set comprised of the letters P, E, V, T, C and G with the dissimilar letter set comprising of the letters J, H, P, V, X and F. Each participant was given a blank recall sheet to record their answers with researcher using a score sheet to record their individual scores for each set of letters. Design This quantitative within-subject study sought to investigate the scores obtained between two variables using the paradigm of serial verbal recall. The independent variable (IV) being the similar and dissimilar letter sets used and the dependent variable (DV), being that of the recall scores of each participant. Scores were recorded between 0 and 6 for each of the tests; with only letters recalled in their correct positions being positively scored. All the data obtained was analysed using a two tailed paired related sample t-test within a SPSS package. Procedure Both the participants and researchers were all part of the undergraduate psychology course and due to the study being performed as part of their studies, no consent for was required to be signed. Participants were informed of the requirements for the study before each researcher selected two individuals from the participant pool in order to carry out the experiment, with each participant being tested individually and in isolation of the other. The experiment procedure was explained to each individual participant prior to testing, with a test run being conducted in order to assure full understanding was reached. Each set of six similar and dissimilar letters were presented to the participant separately, with each letter card being presented visually for 1 second, with a 2 second delay between the presentations of each new letter. After all of the six letters had been shown a 5 second delay was counted down by the researcher to allow for rehearsal, before the Recall Now card was shown. The participant then attempted to recall the letters shown in their correct sequence of display on the recall sheet. This was repeated for the next set of letters, with the same procedures being repeated. There was no preference of order for the similar or dissimilar letter sets to be shown first. The recall sheets were returned to the researcher who calculated their scores on each of the tests with all scores for each pair of participants collected by the researchers and collated together to give an overall data set of 36 sets of scores. Results Table 1: Comparison of recall scores between similar and dissimilar word sets Test Type Total Score Mean Participants (n) Std Deviation t df Sig. (2-tailed) Similar 130 3.66 36 1.66 2.38 35 0.23 Dissimilar 158 4.39 1.5 Table 1 shows the mean scores obtained for each of the conditions being tested; similar recall test (M=3.61, SD=1.66) and dissimilar recall test (M=4.39, SD=1.5). As the table indicates the participants scored higher on the dissimilar recall test by correctly recalling more letters in the right order of display than when tested on the similar letter set. Analysis of these results show a significant difference in the recall scores, t (35) = 2.38, p Discussion The results obtained in this study has shown that there is a significant difference in the number of letters recalled in correct sequence between similar and dissimilar sets of letters, with dissimilar letters being recalled better than phonologically similar acoustic sounding letters. These results support previous acoustic similarity recall effects in STM research (Conrad, 1964; Wickelgren, 1965; Muller, Seymour, Kieras, Meyer, 2003; Jones, Macken, Nicholls, 2004; Page, Cumming, Norris, Hitch, McNeil, 2006) and in turn support the concept of the phonological loop as proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) WM model. The study also supports the findings of Smith, Wilson, and Reisberg (1995) in that the visual presentation of the letters sets were processed indirectly into the phonological store component of the phonological loop through the ACP allowing the participants to rehearse the letters observed acoustically using the inner voice. However, there are some concerns on the effects of phonological complexity related to word length including the number of syllables or phonemic length of the letters within words, which suggests that the word length effect in the serial recall task may be better explained by differences in linguistic and lexical properties of words (Jalbert, Neath, Bireta, Surprenant, 2011). It can be argued that studies of this nature have a low ecological value, as they dont represent the real world. Baddeley, Gathercole, Papagno (1998), claim that the function of the phonological loop has evolved in order to facilitate the learning of unique phonological forms of new words. They propose that this is its primary purpose, to store unfamiliar acoustic patterns while more permanent memory records are being fabricated. Despite this study supporting the hypothesis that there is a phonological effect that influences the ability to successfully recall more letters that are dissimilar in nature as opposed to those that share common phonological similarities, the use of the phonological loop in retaining sequences of familiar letters/words is, it is argued secondary to its primary function of learning language (Baddeley, Gathercole, Papagno, 1998). References Atkinson, R. C., Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. Spence, J. Spence (Eds.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 2, pp. 90-191). New York: Academic Press. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417-423. Baddeley, A. D. (2001). Is working memory still working? American Psychologist, 1-31. Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. (1974). Working Memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89). New York: Academic Press. Baddeley, A. D., Gathercole, S., Papagno, C. (1998). The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychological Review, 105(1), 158-173. Conrad, R. (1964). Acoustic confusions in immediate memory. British Journal of Psychology, 55(1), 75-84. Eysneck, M. W., Keane, M. T. (2010). Cognitive Psychology: A Students Handbook (6th ed.). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press. Gross, R. (2010). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour (6th ed.). London: Hodder Education. Jalbert, A., Neath, I., Bireta, T. J., Surprenant, A. M. (2011). When does length cause the word length effect? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 37(2), 338-353. Jones, D. M., Macken, W. J., Nicholls, A. P. (2004). The phonological store of working memory: Is it phonological and is it a store? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 30(3), 656-674. Miller, G. A. (1956). The maigical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97. Muller, S. T., Seymour, T. L., Kieras, D. E., Meyer, D. E. (2003). Theoretical implications of articulatory duration, phonological similarity and phonological complexity in verbal working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 29(6), 1353-1380. Myers, D. G. (2005). Exploring Psychology (6th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Page, M. P., Cumming, N., Norris, D., Hitch, G. J., McNeil, A. M. (2006). Repitition learning in the immediate serial recall of visual and auditory materials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 32(4), 716-733. Schulman, H. G. (1971). Similarity effects in short term memory. Psychological Bulletin, 75(6), 399-415. Smith, J. D., Wilson, M., Reisberg, D. (1995). The role of subvocalization in auditory imagery. Neuropsychologia, 33(11), 1433-1454. Wickelgren, W. A. (1965). Acoustic similarity and intrusion errors in short term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(1), 102-108.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Self-Control and the ‘Self’ Essay -- Psychology

Nearly everyone in the modern world has heard of the term self-control, a seemingly non-important or uninteresting topic of interest. However, self-control has been related to having one of the most significant impacts on a person. Even some have gone as far to say that self-control is the â€Å"biggest predictor of a successful and satisfying life† (Pinker 1), which are bold words for a topic that many merely disregard. The idea of self-control is a concept coined in the Victorian era, and appears immensely throughout the novel, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, written by R.F. Baumeister & J. Tierney. Essentially a self-help book, ‘Willpower’ provides explanations for why humans are doing the things that they do, and why people aren’t always as virtuous as they may be expected to be. Self-control affects many facets of a person’s life, and by looking at how it is presented in psychology, and in Baumeister and Tierney’s n ovel, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, one will see the correlations and differences between modern research and historical perspectives on the idea of self-control, and ultimately decide if the idea of self-control is an inherent trait or a learned condition. Self-control is a topic and concept argued frequently in the psychological world. Some believe that self-control is an innate feature of human kind, while others, like Baumeister, believe it is a characteristic that can be practiced and strengthened. Baumeister’s model of willpower describes self-control as a muscle that can be depleted and replenished, just as any other muscle in the body. What is self-control exactly? Well, Freud was a psychologist who believed that personality is a biological component of ones-self,... ...Virtue, Personality, and Social Relations: Self-Control as the Moral Muscle." Journal of Personality 67.6 (1999): 1165-194. Print. Davis, Doug. "A Glossary of Freudian Terminology." A Freud Glossary. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. . Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. . Pinker, Steven. "The Sugary Secret of Self-Control." NY Times. Sept.-Oct. 2011. Web. 4 Mar. 2012. "The Science of Self-Control [Paperback]." Amazon.com: The Science of Self-Control (9780674013575): Howard Rachlin: Books. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. . "Self Control in Society, Mind, and Brain." Alibris. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. .

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Waste Water Treatment Processes Environmental Sciences Essay

Meaning OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT: Domestic effluent intervention or sewerage intervention, is the procedure of taking contaminations from effluent and family sewerage, both overflow ( wastewaters ) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological procedures to take physical, chemical and biological contaminations. Its aim is to bring forth an environmentally-safe fluid waste watercourse ( or treated wastewater ) and a solid waste ( or treated sludge ) suitable for disposal or reuse ( normally as farm fertiliser ) . Using advanced engineering it is now possible to re-use sewerage wastewater for imbibing H2O, although Singapore is the lone state to implement such engineering on a production graduated table in its production of NEWater. 1.2 ORIGIN OF WASTE WATER Sewage is created by residential, institutional, and commercial and industrial constitutions and includes family waste liquid from lavatories, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposed of via cloacas. In many countries, sewerage besides includes liquid waste from industry and commercialism. The separation and draining of family waste into greywater and blackwater is going more common in the developed universe, with greywater being permitted to be used for irrigating workss or recycled for blushing lavatories. Sewage may include stormwater overflow. Sewage systems capable of managing stormwater are known as combined systems. Combined sewer systems are normally avoided now because precipitation causes widely changing flows cut downing sewerage intervention works efficiency. Combined cloacas require much larger, more expensive, intervention installations than healthful cloacas. Heavy storm overflow may overpower the sewerage intervention system, doing a spill or flood. Sanitary cloacas are typically much smaller than combined cloacas, and they are non designed to transport stormwater. Backups of natural sewerage can happen if inordinate Infiltration/Inflow is allowed into a healthful cloaca system. Modern sewered developments be given to be provided with separate storm drain systems for rainwater. As rainfall travels over roofs and the land, it may pick up assorted contaminations including dirt atoms and other deposit, heavy metals, organic compounds, carnal waste, and oil and lubricating oil. ( See urban overflow. ) Some legal powers require stormwater to have some degree of intervention before being discharged straight into waterways. Examples of intervention procedures used for stormwater include keeping basins, wetlands, buried vaults with assorted sorts of media filters, and vortex centrifuges ( to take harsh solids ) .Chapter TWO2.1 OVERVIEW OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESSESSewage can be treated near to where it is created, a decentralized system, ( in infected armored combat vehicles, biofilters or aerophilic intervention systems ) , or be collected and transported via a web of pipes and pump Stationss to a municipal intervention works, a centralized system, ( see sewag e and pipes and substructure ) . Sewage aggregation and intervention is typically capable to local, province and federal ordinances and criterions. Industrial beginnings of effluent frequently require specialised intervention processes as shown in the diagram below:Procedure Flow Diagramfor a typical intervention works via Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands ( SFCW )Sewage intervention by and large involves three phases, called primary, secondary and third intervention. Primary intervention consists of temporarily keeping the sewerage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the underside while oil, lubricating oil and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating stuffs are removed and the staying liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary intervention. Secondary intervention removes dissolved and suspended biological affair. Secondary intervention is typically performed by autochthonal, water-borne microorganisms in a managed home ground. Secondary intervention may necessitate a separation procedure to take the microorganisms from the treated H2O prior to dispatch or third intervention. Third intervention is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary intervention in order to let rejection into a extremely sensitive or delicate ecosystem ( estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs etc. ) . Treated H2O is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically ( for illustration, by lagunas and microfiltration ) prior to dispatch into a watercourse, river, bay, laguna or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf class, green manner or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can besides be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural intents.2.2 PRE-TREATMENTPre-treatment removes stuffs that can be easy collected from the natural waste H2O before they damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary intervention clarifiers ( rubbish, tree limbs, foliages, etc. ) .ScreeningThe inflowing sewerage H2O is screened to take all big objects like tins, shreds, sticks, fictile packages etc. carried in the sewerage watercourse. This is most normally done wit h an automated automatically raked saloon screen in modern workss functioning big populations, whilst in smaller or less modern workss a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a mechanical saloon screen is typically paced harmonizing to the accretion on the saloon screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and subsequently disposed in a landfill or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of changing sizes may be used to optimise solids remotion. If gross solids are non removed they become entrained in pipes and traveling parts of the intervention works and can do significant harm and inefficiency in the procedure.GRIT REMOVALPre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the speed of the entrance effluent is adjusted to let the colony of sand, grit, rocks, and broken glass. These atoms are removed because they may damage pumps and other equipment. For little healthful cloaca systems, the grit Chamberss may non be necessary, but grit rem otion is desirable at larger workss.FAT AND GREASE REMOVALIn some larger workss, fat and lubricating oil is removed by go throughing the sewerage through a little armored combat vehicle where skimmers collect the fat natation on the surface. Air blowers in the base of the armored combat vehicle may besides be used to assist retrieve the fat as a foam. In most workss nevertheless, fat and lubricating oil remotion takes topographic point in the primary colony armored combat vehicle utilizing mechanical surface skimmers.2.3 PRIMARY TREATMENTIn the primary deposit phase, sewerage flows through big armored combat vehicles, normally called â€Å" primary clarifiers † or â€Å" primary deposit armored combat vehicles. † The armored combat vehicles are used to settle sludge while lubricating oil and oils rise to the surface and are skimmed off. Primary settling armored combat vehicles are normally equipped with automatically goaded scrapers that continually drive the gathered sludge towards a hopper in the base of the armored combat vehicle where it is pumped to sludge intervention installations. Grease and oil from the drifting stuff can sometimes be recovered for saponification. The dimensions of the armored combat vehicle should be designed to consequence remotion of a high per centum of the floatables and sludge. A typical deposit armored combat vehicle may take from 60 to 65 per centum of suspended solids, and from 30 to 35 per centum of biochemical O demand ( BOD ) from the sewerage.2.4 SECONDARY TREATMENTSecondary intervention is designed to well degrade the biological content of the sewerage which are derived from human waste, nutrient waste, soaps and detergent. The bulk of municipal workss handle the settled sewerage spirits utilizing aerophilic biological procedures. To be effectual, the biology necessitate both O and nutrient to populate. The bacterium and Protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminations ( e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain C molecules, etc. ) and adhere much of the less soluble fractions into floc. Secondary intervention systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth systems. Fixed-film or affiliated growing systems include dribbling filters and revolving biological contactors, where the biomass grows on media and the sewerage passes over its surface. Suspended-growth systems include activated sludge, where the biomass is assorted with the sewerage and can be operated in a smaller infinite than fixed-film systems that treat the same sum of H2O. However, fixed-film systems are more able to get by with drastic alterations in the sum of biological stuff and can supply higher remotion rates for organic stuff and suspended solids than suspended growing systems. [ 6 ] :11-13 Rough ining filters are intended to handle peculiarly strong or variable organic tonss, typically industrial, to let them to so be treated by conventional secondary intervention procedures. Features include filters filled with media to which effluent is applied. They are designed to let high hydraulic burden and a high degree of aeration. On larger installings, air is forced through the media utilizing blowers. The attendant effluent is normally within the normal scope for conventional intervention procedures. A generalised, conventional diagram of an activated sludge procedure. A filter removes a little per centum of the suspended organic affair, while the bulk of the organic affair undergoes a alteration of character, merely due to the biological oxidization and nitrification taking topographic point in the filter. With this aerophilic oxidization and nitrification, the organic solids are converted into coagulated suspended mass, which is heavier and bulkier, and can settle to the underside of a armored combat vehicle. The wastewater of the filter is hence passed through a deposit armored combat vehicle, called a secondary clarifier, secondary subsiding armored combat vehicle or humus armored combat vehicle.ACTIVATED SLUDGEIn general, activated sludge workss encompass a assortment of mechanisms and procedures that use dissolved O to advance the growing of biological floc that well removes organic stuff. The procedure traps particulate stuff and can, under ideal conditions, convert ammonium hydroxide to nitrite and nitrate and finally to nitrogen gas.SURFACE-AERATED BASINS ( LAGOONS )Many little municipal sewerage systems in the United States ( 1 million gal./day or less ) usage aerated lagunas. Most biological oxidization processes for handling industrial effluents have in common the usage of O ( or air ) and microbic action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90 per centum remotion of BOD with keeping times of 1 to 10 yearss. The basins may run in deepness from 1.5 to 5.0 meters and utilize motor-driven aerators drifting on the surface of the effluent. In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two maps: they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidization reactions, and they provide the commixture required for scattering the air and for reaching the reactants ( that is, O, effluent and bug ) . Typically, the drifting surface aerators are rated to present the sum of air tantamount to 1.8 to 2.7A kilograms OHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen † 2/kWA ·h. However, they do non supply as good commixture as is usually achieved in activated sludge systems and hence aerated basins do non accomplish the same public presentation degree as activated sludge units. Biological oxidization procedures are sensitive to temperature and, between 0 A °C and 40 A °C, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vass operate at between 4 A °C and 32 A °C.CONSTRUCTED WETLANDSConstructed wetlands ( can either be surface flow or subsurface flow, horizontal or perpendicular flow ) , include engineered reedbeds and belong to the household of phytorestoration and ecotechnologies ; they provide a high grade of biological betterment and depending on design, act as a primary, secondary and sometimes third intervention, besides see phytoremediation. One illustration is a little reedbed used to clean the drainage from the elephants ‘ enclosure at Chester Zoo in England ; legion CWs are used to recycle the H2O of the metropolis of Honfleur in France and legion other towns in Europe, the US, Asia and Australia. They are known to be extremely productive systems as they copy natural wetlands, called the â€Å" Kidneys of the Earth † for their cardinal recycling capacity of the hydrological rhythm in the biosphere. Robust and dependable, their intervention capacities improve as clip spell by, at the antonym of conventional intervention workss whose machinery age with clip. They are being progressively used, although equal and experient design are more cardinal than for other systems and infinite restriction may hinder their usage.FILTER BEDS ( OXIDIZING BEDS )In older workss and those having variable burdens, dribbling filter beds are used where the settled sewerage spirits is spread onto the surface of a bed made up of coke ( carbonized coal ) , limestone french friess or specially fabricated fictile media. Such media must hold big surface countries to back up the biofilms that form. The spirits is typically distributed through perforated spray weaponries. The distributed spirits drips through the bed and is collected in drains at the base. These drains besides provide a beginning of air w hich percolates up through the bed, maintaining it aerophilic. Biological movies of bacteriums, Protozoa and fungi signifier on the media ‘s surfaces and eat or otherwise cut down the organic content. This biofilm is frequently grazed by insect larvae, snails, and worms which help keep an optimum thickness. Overloading of beds increases the thickness of the movie taking to clogging of the filter media and ponding on the surface.SOIL BIO-TECHNOLOGYA new procedure called Soil Bio-Technology ( SBT ) developed at IIT Bombay has shown enormous betterments in procedure efficiency enabling entire H2O reuse, due to highly low runing power demands of less than 50 Js per kilogram of treated H2O. Typically SBT systems can accomplish chemical O demand ( COD ) degrees less than 10A mg/L from sewerage input of COD 400A mg/L. SBT workss exhibit high decreases in COD values and bacterial counts as a consequence of the really high microbic densenesss available in the media. Unlike conventional intervention workss, SBT workss produce undistinguished sums of sludge, preventing the demand for sludge disposal countries that are required by other engineerings.BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTERSBiological Aerated ( or Anoxic ) Filter ( BAF ) or Biofilters combine filtration with biological C decrease, nitrification or denitrification. BAF normally includes a reactor filled with a filter media. The media is either in suspension or supported by a crushed rock bed at the pes of the filter. The double intent of this media is to back up extremely active biomass that is attached to it and to filtrate suspended solids. Carbon decrease and ammonium hydroxide transition occurs in aerophilic manner and sometime achieved in a individual reactor while nitrate transition occurs in anoxic manner. BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow constellation depending on design specified by maker. Conventional diagram of a typical revolving biological contactor ( RBC ) . The treated wastewater clarifier/settler is non included in the diagram.ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORSRevolving biological contactors ( RBCs ) are mechanical secondary intervention systems, which are robust and capable of defying rushs in organic burden. RBCs were foremost installed in Germany in 1960 and have since been developed and refined into a dependable operating unit. The revolving discs back up the growing of bacteriums and micro-organisms nowadays in the sewerage, which break down and brace organic pollutants. To be successful, micro-organisms need both O to populate and nutrient to turn. Oxygen is obtained from the ambiance as the discs rotate. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the revolving phonograph record in the sewerage. Effluent from the RBC is so passed through concluding clarifiers where the microorganisms in s uspension settee as a sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for farther intervention. A functionally similar biological filtering system has become popular as portion of place fish tank filtration and purification. The fish tank H2O is drawn up out of the armored combat vehicle and so cascaded over a freely whirling corrugated fiber-mesh wheel before go throughing through a media filter and back into the fish tank. The whirling mesh wheel develops a biofilm coating of micro-organisms that feed on the suspended wastes in the fish tank H2O and are besides exposed to the ambiance as the wheel rotates. This is particularly good at taking waste.MEMBRANE BIOREACTORSMembrane bioreactors ( MBR ) combine activated sludge intervention with a membrane liquid-solid separation procedure. The membrane constituent uses low force per unit area microfiltration or extremist filtration membranes and eliminates the demand for elucidation and third filtration. The membranes are typically immersed in the aeration armored combat vehicle ; nevertheless, some applications utilize a separate m embrane armored combat vehicle. One of the cardinal benefits of an MBR system is that it efficaciously overcomes the restrictions associated with hapless subsiding of sludge in conventional activated sludge ( CAS ) processes. The engineering permits bioreactor operation with well higher assorted spirits suspended solids ( MLSS ) concentration than CAS systems, which are limited by sludge subsiding. The procedure is typically operated at MLSS in the scope of 8,000-12,000A mg/L, while CAS are operated in the scope of 2,000-3,000A mg/L. The elevated biomass concentration in the MBR procedure allows for really effectual remotion of both soluble and particulate biodegradable stuffs at higher burden rates. Therefore increased sludge keeping times, normally transcending 15 yearss, guarantee complete nitrification even in highly cold conditions.SECONDARY SEDIMENTATIONThe concluding measure in the secondary intervention phase is to settle out the biological floc or filter stuff through a sec ondary clarifier and to bring forth sewage H2O incorporating low degrees of organic stuff and suspended affair.TERTIARY TREATMENTThe intent of third intervention is to supply a concluding intervention phase to raise the outflowing quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment ( sea, river, lake, land, etc. ) . More than one third intervention procedure may be used at any intervention works. If disinfection is practiced, it is ever the concluding procedure. It is besides called â€Å" outflowing shining. †FiltrationSand filtration removes much of the residuary suspended affair. Filtration over activated C, besides called C surface assimilation, removes residuary toxins.LAGOONINGLagooning provides colony and farther biological betterment through storage in big semisynthetic pools or lagunas. These lagunas are extremely aerophilic and colonisation by native macrophytes, particularly reeds, is frequently encouraged. Small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphni a and species of Rotifera greatly assist in intervention by taking all right particulates.NUTRIENT REMOVALEffluent may incorporate high degrees of the foods N and P. Excessive release to the environment can take to a physique up of foods, called eutrophication, which can in bend encourage the giantism of weeds, algae, and blue-green algaes ( bluish green algae ) . This may do an algal bloom, a rapid growing in the population of algae. The algae Numberss are unsustainable and finally most of them die. The decomposition of the algae by bacteriums uses up so much of O in the H2O that most or all of the animate beings die, which creates more organic affair for the bacteriums to break up. In add-on to doing deoxygenation, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate imbibing H2O supplies. Different intervention procedures are required to take N and P.NITROGEN REMOVALThe remotion of N is effected through the biological oxidization of N from ammonium hydroxide to nitrate ( nitrificat ion ) , followed by denitrification, the decrease of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the ambiance and therefore removed from the H2O. Nitrification itself is a two-step aerophilic procedure, each measure facilitated by a different type of bacteriums. The oxidization of ammonium hydroxide ( NH3 ) to nitrite ( NO2a?’ ) is most frequently facilitated by Nitrosomonas spp. ( nitroso mentioning to the formation of a nitroso functional group ) . Nitrite oxidization to nitrate ( NO3a?’ ) , though traditionally believed to be facilitated by Nitrobacter spp. ( nitro mentioning the formation of a nitro functional group ) , is now known to be facilitated in the environment about entirely by Nitrospira spp. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to promote the appropriate biological communities to organize. It is facilitated by a broad diverseness of bacteriums. Sand filters, lagooning and reed beds can all be used to cut down N, but the activated sludge procedure ( if designed good ) can make the occupation the most easy. Since denitrification is the decrease of nitrate to dinitrogen gas, an negatron giver is needed. This can be, depending on the effluent, organic affair ( from fecal matters ) , sulfide, or an added giver like methyl alcohol.PHOSPHORUS REMOVALPhosphorus remotion is of import as it is a confining food for algae growing in many fresh H2O systems. ( For a description of the negative effects of algae, see Nutrient remotion ) . It is besides peculiarly of import for H2O reuse systems where high P concentrations may take to fouling of downstream equipment such as rearward osmosis. Phosphorus can be removed biologically in a procedure called enhanced biological P remotion. In this procedure, specific bacterium, called polyphosphate roll uping beings ( PAOs ) , are selectively enriched and roll up big measures of P within their cells ( up to 20 per centum of their mass ) . When the biomass enriched in these bacteriums is separated from the treated H2O, these biosolids have a high fertiliser value. Phosphorus remotion can besides be achieved by chemical precipitation, normally with salts of Fe ( e.g. ferrous chloride ) , aluminium ( e.g. alum ) , or lime. This may take to inordinate sludge production as hydrated oxides precipitates and the added chemicals can be expensive. Chemical P remotion requires significantly smaller equipment footmark than biological remotion, is easier to run and is frequently more dependable than biological P remotion. Another method for P remotion is to utilize farinaceous laterite. Once removed, P, in the signifier of a phosphate-rich sludge, may be stored in a land fill or resold for usage in fertiliser.DisinfectionThe intent of disinfection in the intervention of waste H2O is to well cut down the figure of micro-organisms in the H2O to be discharged back into the environment. The effectivity of disinfection depends on the quality of the H2O being treated ( e.g. , cloud cover, pH, etc. ) , the type of disinfection being used, the bactericidal dose ( concentration and clip ) , and other environmental variables. Cloudy H2O will be treated less successfully, since solid affair can screen organisms, particularly from ultraviolet visible radiation or if contact times are low. By and large, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effectual disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include ozone, Cl, ultraviolet visible radiation, or Na hypochlorite. Chloramine, which is used for imbibing H2O, is non used in waste H2O intervention becaus e of its continuity. Chlorination remains the most common signifier of waste H2O disinfection in North America due to its low cost and long-run history of effectivity. One disadvantage is that chlorination of residuary organic stuff can bring forth chlorinated-organic compounds that may be carcinogenic or harmful to the environment. Residual Cl or chloramines may besides be capable of chlorinating organic stuff in the natural aquatic environment. Further, because residuary Cl is toxic to aquatic species, the treated wastewater must besides be chemically dechlorinated, adding to the complexness and cost of intervention. Ultraviolet ( UV ) light can be used alternatively of Cl, I, or other chemicals. Because no chemicals are used, the treated H2O has no inauspicious consequence on beings that subsequently devour it, as may be the instance with other methods. UV radiation causes harm to the familial construction of bacteriums, viruses, and other pathogens, doing them incapable of reproduction. The cardinal disadvantages of UV disinfection are the demand for frequent lamp care and replacing and the demand for a extremely treated wastewater to guarantee that the mark micro-organisms are non shielded from the UV radiation ( i.e. , any solids nowadays in the treated wastewater may protect micro-organisms from the UV visible radiation ) . In the United Kingdom, UV visible radiation is going the most common agencies of disinfection because of the concerns about the impacts of Cl in chlorinating residuary organics in the effluent and in chlorinating organics in the receiving H2O. Some sewerage intervention s ystems in Canada and the US besides use UV visible radiation for their outflowing H2O disinfection. Ozone ( O3 ) is generated by go throughing O ( O2 ) through a high electromotive force possible resulting in a 3rd O atom going attached and organizing O3. Ozone is really unstable and reactive and oxidizes most organic stuff it comes in contact with, thereby destructing many infective micro-organisms. Ozone is considered to be safer than Cl because, unlike Cl which has to be stored on site ( extremely toxicant in the event of an inadvertent release ) , ozone is generated onsite as needed. Ozonation besides produces fewer disinfection byproducts than chlorination. A disadvantage of ozone disinfection is the high cost of the ozone coevals equipment and the demands for particular operators.ODOUR CONTROLSmells emitted by sewerage intervention are typically an indicant of an anaerobic or â€Å" infected † status. Early phases of processing will be given to bring forth fetid gases, with H sulphide being most common in bring forthing ailments. Large procedure workss in urban countri es will frequently handle the smells with C reactors, a contact media with bio-slimes, little doses of Cl, or go arounding fluids to biologically capture and metabolise the objectionable gases. Other methods of odour control exist, including add-on of Fe salts, H peroxide, Ca nitrate, etc. to pull off H sulphide degrees.Package Plants AND BATCH REACTORSTo utilize less infinite, dainty hard waste and intermittent flows, a figure of designs of intercrossed intervention workss have been produced. Such workss frequently combine at least two phases of the three chief intervention phases into one combined phase. In the UK, where a big figure of effluent intervention workss serve little populations, bundle workss are a feasible option to constructing a big construction for each procedure phase. In the US, bundle workss are typically used in rural countries, main road remainder Michigans and dawdler Parkss. One type of system that combines secondary intervention and colony is the sequencing batch reactor ( SBR ) . Typically, activated sludge is assorted with natural entrance sewerage, and so assorted and aerated. The settled sludge is run away and re-aerated before a proportion is returned to the headworks. SBR workss are now being deployed in many parts of the universe. The disadvantage of the SBR procedure is that it requires a precise control of timing, blending and aeration. This preciseness is typically achieved with computing machine controls linked to detectors. Such a complex, delicate system is unsuited to topographic points where controls may be undependable, ill maintained, or where the power supply may be intermittent. Extended aeration bundle workss use separate basins for aeration and subsiding, and are slightly larger than SBR workss with decreased timing sensitiveness. Package workss may be referred to every bit high charged or low charged. This refers to the manner the biological burden is processed. In high charged systems, the biological phase is presented with a high organic burden and the combined floc and organic stuff is so oxygenated for a few hours before being charged once more with a new burden. In the low charged system the biological phase contains a low organic burden and is combined with flocculate for longer times.SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSALThe sludges accumulated in a effluent intervention procedure must be treated and disposed of in a safe and effectual mode. The intent of digestion is to cut down the sum of organic affair and the figure of disease-causing micro-organisms present in the solids. The most common intervention options include anaerobiotic digestion, aerophilic digestion, and composting. Incineration is besides used albeit to a much lesser grade. Sludge intervention depends on the sum of solids generated and other site-specific conditions. Composting is most frequently applied to small-scale workss with aerophilic digestion for mid sized operations, and anaerobiotic digestion for the larger-scale operations.ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONAnaerobic digestion is a bacterial procedure that is carried out in the absence of O. The procedure can either be thermophilic digestion, in which sludge is fermented in armored combat vehicles at a temperature of 55A °C, or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36A °C. Though leting shorter keeping clip ( and therefore smaller armored combat vehicles ) , thermophilic digestion is more expensive in footings of energy ingestion for heating the sludge. Anaerobic digestion is the most common ( mesophilic ) intervention of domestic sewerage in infected armored combat vehicles, which usually retain the sewerage from one twenty-four hours to two yearss, cut downing the BOD by approximately 35 to 40 per centum. This decrease can be increased with a combination of anaerobiotic and aerophilic intervention by put ining Aerobic Treatment Units ( ATUs ) in the infected armored combat vehicle. One major characteristic of anaerobiotic digestion is the production of biogas ( with the most utile constituent being methane ) , which can be used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for warming intents.AEROBIC DIGESTIONAerobic digestion is a bacterial procedure happening in the presence of O. Under aerophilic conditions, bacteriums quickly consume organic affair and change over it into C dioxide. The operating costs used to be characteristically much greater for aerophilic digestion because of the energy used by the blowers, pumps and motors needed to add O to the procedure. Aerobic digestion can besides be achieved by utilizing diffuser systems or jet aerators to oxidise the sludge.COMPOSTINGComposting is besides an aerophilic procedure that involves blending the sludge with beginnings of C such as sawdust, straw or wood french friess. In the presence of O, bacterium digest both the effluent solids and the added C beginning and, in making so, produce a big sum of heat.IncinerationIncineration of sludge is less common because of air emanations concerns and the auxiliary fuel ( typically natural gases or fuel oil ) required to fire the low calorific value sludge and zap residuary H2O. Stepped multiple fireplace incinerators with high abode clip and fluidized bed incinerators are the most common systems used to burn effluent sludge. Co-firing in municipal waste-to-energy workss is on occasion done, this option being less expensive presuming the installations already exist for solid waste and there is no demand for subsidiary fuel.Chapter THREETERTIARY TREA TMENT3.1 SLUDGE DISPOSALWhen a liquid sludge is produced, farther intervention may be required to do it suited for concluding disposal. Typically, sludges are thickened ( dewatered ) to cut down the volumes transported off-site for disposal. There is no procedure which wholly eliminates the demand to dispose of biosolids. There is, nevertheless, an extra measure some metropoliss are taking to superheat sludge and change over it into little pelletized granules that are high in N and other organic stuffs. In New York City, for illustration, several sewerage intervention workss have dewatering installations that use big extractors along with the add-on of chemicals such as polymer to farther take liquid from the sludge. The removed fluid, called centrate, is typically reintroduced into the effluent procedure. The merchandise which is left is called â€Å" bar † and that is picked up by companies which turn it into fertilizer pellets. This merchandise is so sold to local husbandm ans and sod farms as a dirt amendment or fertiliser, cut downing the sum of infinite required to dispose of sludge in landfills. Much sludge arising from commercial or industrial countries is contaminated with toxic stuffs that are released into the cloacas from the industrial procedures. Elevated concentrations of such stuffs may do the sludge unsuitable for agricultural usage and it may so hold to be incinerated or disposed of to landfill.3.2 TREATMENT IN THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENTMany procedures in a effluent intervention works are designed to mime the natural intervention processes that occur in the environment, whether that environment is a natural H2O organic structure or the land. If non overloaded, bacteriums in the environment will devour organic contaminations, although this will cut down the degrees of O in the H2O and may significantly alter the overall ecology of the receiving H2O. Native bacterial populations feed on the organic contaminations, and the Numberss of disea se-causing micro-organisms are reduced by natural environmental conditions such as predation or exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Consequently, in instances where the receiving environment provides a high degree of dilution, a high grade of effluent intervention may non be required. However, recent grounds has demonstrated that really low degrees of specific contaminations in effluent, including endocrines ( from animate being farming and residue from human hormonal contraceptive method methods ) and man-made stuffs such as phthalates that mimic endocrines in their action, can hold an unpredictable inauspicious impact on the natural biology and potentially on worlds if the H2O is re-used for imbibing H2O. [ 21 ] In the US and EU, uncontrolled discharges of effluent to the environment are non permitted under jurisprudence, and rigorous H2O quality demands are to be met. ( For demands in the US, see Clean Water Act. ) A important menace in the coming decennaries will be the increasin g uncontrolled discharges of effluent within quickly developing states.3.3 SEWAGE TREATMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESFew dependable figures on the portion of the effluent collected in cloacas that is being treated in the universe exist. In many developing states the majority of domestic and industrial effluent is discharged without any intervention or after primary intervention merely. In Latin America about 15 % of gathered effluent base on ballss through intervention workss ( with varying degrees of existent intervention ) . In Venezuela, a below mean state in South America with regard to wastewater intervention, 97 per centum of the state ‘s sewerage is discharged natural into the environment. In a comparatively developed Middle Eastern state such as Iran, Tehran ‘s bulk of population has wholly untreated sewerage injected to the metropolis ‘s groundwater. However now the building of major parts of the sewerage system, aggregation and intervention, in Tehran is ab out complete, and under development, due to be to the full completed by the terminal of 2012. In Israel, approximately 50 per centum of agricultural H2O use ( entire usage was 1 billion three-dimensional meters in 2008 ) is provided through reclaimed cloaca H2O. Future programs call for increased usage of treated cloaca H2O every bit good as more desalinization workss.